Cassiterite with Siderite, Pyrite

specimen number:
2102218

location:
Panasqueira Mines, Covilha, Castelo Branco, Portugal

description:
Sharp lustrous crystals of cassiterite to 2.0 cm in size on a siderite crystal matrix with minor pyrite. This is in really good condition, is complete all around, there are no points of attachment. Minor pyrite is present as well.

The Panasqueira Mines, located in the Castelo Branco district of central Portugal, represent one of the largest and most significant tungsten-tin-copper deposits in the world. Geologically, the site is a classic example of a hydrothermal vein system associated with a buried Hercynian granite intrusion. The deposit consists of thousands of near-horizontal quartz veins that cross-cut Paleozoic schists and shales, which were fractured and mineralized by metal-rich fluids during the late stages of the granite's cooling. These veins are world-renowned for their spectacular mineral assemblages, including wolframite, cassiterite, arsenopyrite, and apatite. Historically, mining in the region began in the late 19th century, with formal operations starting around 1886. The mines became vital during the 20th century, particularly during World War II, as a primary source of tungsten for the Allied and Axis powers alike. Despite various changes in ownership and fluctuations in global metal prices, the Panasqueira Mines have remained in nearly continuous operation for over 130 years, making them a cornerstone of the Portuguese mining industry and a legendary locality for mineral collectors globally.

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